:root{--bg:#fff;--bg-subtle:#f6f7f9;--ink:#14181f;--ink-muted:#5b6472;--accent:#1b2a4e;--accent-hover:#0f1b36;--rule:#e3e6eb;--serif:Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;--sans:Calibri, Arial, Verdana, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;--arabic:Calibri, "Segoe UI", "Geeza Pro", "Noto Naskh Arabic", Arial, sans-serif;--wrap:68rem;--gutter:clamp(1.25rem, 5vw, 2.5rem);--measure:40rem}:root[data-theme=dark]{--bg:#12141a;--bg-subtle:#181b22;--ink:#e8eaed;--ink-muted:#9aa2af;--accent:#5b7fc4;--accent-hover:#86a3d8;--rule:#2a2e37;--lightningcss-light: ;--lightningcss-dark:initial;color-scheme:dark}
*,:before,:after{box-sizing:border-box}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;scroll-padding-top:5rem}body{background:var(--bg);color:var(--ink);font:400 1rem/1.6 var(--sans);-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;margin:0}img{max-width:100%;display:block}h1,h2,h3{font-family:var(--serif);letter-spacing:-.01em;text-wrap:balance;margin:0;font-weight:700;line-height:1.15}p{margin:0 0 1em}ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}a{color:var(--accent);text-underline-offset:.18em;text-decoration-thickness:1px}a:hover{color:var(--accent-hover);text-decoration-thickness:2px}button{font:inherit;color:inherit}:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:3px}:lang(ar){font-family:var(--arabic);letter-spacing:0}:lang(ar) :is(h1,h2,h3){font-family:var(--arabic);letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.4}.sr-only{clip:rect(0 0 0 0);white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;position:absolute;overflow:hidden}.skip-link{background:var(--ink);color:var(--bg);z-index:100;padding:.6rem 1rem;position:absolute;top:-4rem;left:1rem}.skip-link:focus{top:.75rem}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{transition:none!important;animation:none!important}}
.wrap{width:min(100% - 2 * var(--gutter), var(--wrap));margin-inline:auto}.site-header{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.site-header .wrap{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:1.5rem;min-height:4rem;padding-block:.5rem;display:flex}.wordmark{color:var(--ink);align-items:center;gap:.6rem;margin-inline-end:auto;font-size:1.1rem;text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex}.wordmark img{border-radius:50%;width:1.7rem;height:1.7rem}.wordmark b{color:var(--accent);font-weight:700}.wordmark:hover{color:var(--ink)}.site-nav{gap:1.75rem;display:flex}.site-nav a,.theme-toggle{color:var(--ink);cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #0000;padding:.25rem 0;text-decoration:none}.site-nav a:hover,.theme-toggle:hover{border-bottom-color:var(--ink);color:var(--ink)}.site-nav a[aria-current=page]{border-bottom-color:var(--accent);color:var(--accent)}.theme-toggle{color:var(--ink-muted);font-size:.9rem}.theme-toggle .t-light{display:none}:root[data-theme=dark] .theme-toggle .t-light{display:inline}:root[data-theme=dark] .theme-toggle .t-dark{display:none}.band{border-top:1px solid var(--rule);padding-block:clamp(2.25rem,5vw,4rem)}.band__grid{gap:1.25rem;display:grid}.band__grid>h2{font-size:1.35rem}@media (min-width:52rem){.band__grid{grid-template-columns:14rem minmax(0,1fr);gap:3rem}}.band__lead{max-width:38rem;margin:0;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5}.link-more{margin-top:1.5rem;display:inline-block}.site-footer{border-top:1px solid var(--rule);color:var(--ink-muted);padding-block:2.5rem 3rem;font-size:.92rem}.site-footer .wrap{gap:2rem;display:grid}@media (min-width:52rem){.site-footer .wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr auto}}.site-footer p{max-width:34rem;margin:0 0 .5rem}.site-footer a{color:var(--ink)}.site-footer ul{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.4rem 1.5rem;margin-bottom:.9rem;display:flex}.band__head{align-self:start}.band__img{width:100%;max-width:14rem;height:auto;margin-top:1.25rem}@media (max-width:51.99rem){.band__img{max-width:22rem}}.band__head--sticky{position:sticky;top:1.5rem}.band__grid--stack{gap:1.75rem}@media (min-width:52rem){.band__grid--stack{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:1.75rem}}.wordmark img{width:2.5rem;height:2.5rem}.footer-brand{align-items:center;gap:.7rem;display:flex}.footer-brand img{border-radius:50%}.rail{--p:0;display:none}@media (min-width:52rem){.rail{width:14rem;max-width:14rem;height:clamp(16rem,100vh - 11rem,40rem);color:var(--rule);flex-direction:column;align-items:center;margin-top:1.75rem;display:flex}.rail__line{background:var(--rule);flex:1;width:4px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.rail__fill{height:calc(var(--p) * 100%);background:var(--accent);transition:height .12s linear;position:absolute;inset:0 0 auto}.rail__head{width:34px;height:20px;margin-top:-3px;transition:color .35s,transform .35s}.rail[data-done=true] .rail__head{color:var(--accent);transform:translateY(3px)}.rail__line+.rail__head{color:color-mix(in srgb, var(--accent) calc(var(--p) * 100%), var(--rule))}.rail[data-done=true] .rail__line+.rail__head{color:var(--accent)}}.pair{gap:2.5rem;display:grid}.pair h2{margin-bottom:1.25rem;font-size:1.35rem}@media (min-width:60rem){.pair{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:0}.pair>div:first-child{border-inline-end:1px solid var(--rule);padding-inline-end:3rem}.pair>div:last-child{padding-inline-start:3rem}}.pair .founder--photo{grid-template-columns:1fr}.pair .founder img{aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;object-position:center 20%;width:12rem;height:12rem}.pair .prose{max-width:none}@media (min-width:75rem){body:has(.hero) .site-header{z-index:5;border-bottom:0;position:absolute;inset:0 0 auto}body:has(.hero) .wordmark{color:#14181f}body:has(.hero) .wordmark:hover{color:#14181f}body:has(.hero) .wordmark b{color:#1b2a4e}body:has(.hero) .site-nav a{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px 6px #00000080}body:has(.hero) .theme-toggle{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px 6px #00000080}body:has(.hero) .site-nav a:hover{color:#fff;border-bottom-color:#fff}body:has(.hero) .theme-toggle:hover{color:#fff;border-bottom-color:#fff}body:has(.hero) .site-nav a[aria-current=page]{border-bottom-color:#d9a036}}
.hero{--hero-ink:var(--ink);--hero-muted:var(--ink-muted);--gold:#d9a036;position:relative}.hero__bg{height:clamp(14rem,62vw,26rem);position:relative;overflow:hidden}.hero__bg img{object-fit:cover;object-position:90% 50%}.hero__inner{flex-direction:column;gap:2.5rem;padding-block:2.5rem 3rem;display:flex;position:relative}.hero__pillars{letter-spacing:.22em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--hero-muted);margin:0;font-size:.75rem}.hero__pillars i{opacity:.6;margin-inline:.35em;font-style:normal}.hero__rule{background:var(--gold);border:0;width:3.25rem;height:3px;margin:1.1rem 0 1.6rem}.hero h1{letter-spacing:-.02em;max-width:14ch;color:var(--hero-ink);font-size:clamp(2.4rem,4.6vw,4.1rem);font-weight:400;line-height:1.08;animation:.9s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) both settle}.hero__lede{color:var(--hero-ink);max-width:26rem;margin:1.5rem 0 0;font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.55}.formats{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1rem 0;margin:0 0 2rem;display:flex}.formats li{color:var(--hero-ink);flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;padding-inline:1.4rem;font-size:.9rem;display:flex}.formats li:first-child{padding-inline-start:0}.formats li+li{border-inline-start:1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--hero-ink) 25%, transparent)}.formats svg{width:2rem;height:2rem}.hero__quote{border-inline-start:3px solid var(--gold);margin:0;padding-inline-start:1.4rem}.hero__quote p{font-family:var(--serif);color:var(--hero-ink);margin:0;font-size:1.3rem;font-style:italic;line-height:1.4}@keyframes settle{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(14px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}@media (min-width:75rem){.hero{--hero-ink:#14181f;--hero-muted:#3a4250}.hero__bg{height:auto;position:absolute;inset:0}.hero__bg img{object-position:61% 50%}.hero__inner{justify-content:space-between;gap:2rem;min-height:42rem;padding-block:7rem 3rem}.hero__text,.hero__foot{max-width:30rem}.hero__bg:before{content:"";z-index:1;pointer-events:none;background:radial-gradient(100% 100% at 100% 0,#0a0e1680 0%,#0a0e1647 35%,#0a0e1614 62%,#0000 80%);width:60%;height:12rem;position:absolute;top:0;right:0}.hero__bg:after{content:"";background:linear-gradient(90deg,#fff6e8db 0%,#fff6e8b8 30%,#fff6e84d 46%,#0000 58%);position:absolute;inset:0}}@media (min-width:82rem){.hero__bg img{object-position:55% 50%}}@media (min-width:90rem){.hero__bg img{object-position:49% 50%}}@media (min-width:100rem){.hero__bg img{object-position:34% 50%}}@media (min-width:112rem){.hero__bg img{object-position:0% 50%}}.duo{gap:1.25rem 3rem;display:grid}@media (min-width:52rem){.duo{grid-template-columns:1.3fr 1fr}}.duo p{margin:0}.duo .aside{color:var(--ink-muted)}.subjects{column-gap:3rem;display:grid}@media (min-width:40rem){.subjects{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}.subjects li{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.subjects a{color:var(--ink);padding:.7rem 0;font-size:1.05rem;text-decoration:none;display:block}.subjects a:hover{color:var(--accent);text-decoration:underline}.subjects dl,.subject-defs{margin:0}.subject-defs>div{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);gap:.25rem 2rem;padding:1rem 0;display:grid}@media (min-width:40rem){.subject-defs>div{grid-template-columns:13rem 1fr}}.subject-defs dt{font-weight:700}.subject-defs dd{color:var(--ink-muted);margin:0}.entry{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);gap:.35rem 2rem;padding-block:1.25rem;display:grid}@media (min-width:44rem){.entry{grid-template-columns:9rem minmax(0,1fr)}}.entry__side{color:var(--ink-muted);flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:.1rem;font-size:.9rem;display:flex}@media (max-width:43.99rem){.entry__side{flex-direction:row;gap:0 1rem}}.entry__side span:not(:first-child){color:var(--ink);font-size:.8rem;font-weight:700}.entry__title{font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.28}.entry__title a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none}.entry__title a:hover{color:var(--accent);text-decoration:underline}.entry__ar{color:var(--ink-muted);margin:.25rem 0 0;font-size:1.05rem}.entry__dek{color:var(--ink-muted);-webkit-line-clamp:2;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;max-width:40rem;margin:.5rem 0 0;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.page-head{padding-block:clamp(3rem,8vw,5.5rem) 2rem}.page-head h1{letter-spacing:-.02em;font-size:clamp(2.25rem,5vw,3.5rem);font-weight:400}.page-head p{color:var(--ink-muted);max-width:36rem;margin:1rem 0 0}.filter{border-block:1px solid var(--rule);flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.3rem 1.5rem;margin-bottom:2.5rem;padding-block:1rem;display:flex}.filter button{cursor:pointer;color:var(--ink-muted);background:0 0;border:0;border-bottom:2px solid #0000;padding:.2rem 0}.filter button:hover{color:var(--ink);border-bottom-color:var(--rule)}.filter button[aria-pressed=true]{color:var(--accent);border-bottom-color:var(--accent);font-weight:700}.tag-section+.tag-section{margin-top:3.5rem}.tag-section>h2{border-bottom:2px solid var(--ink);padding-bottom:.6rem;font-size:1.5rem}.tag-section>p{color:var(--ink-muted);max-width:40rem;margin:.6rem 0 0;font-size:.95rem}.tag-section .entry:first-of-type{margin-top:.5rem}.article-head{width:min(100% - 2 * var(--gutter), var(--measure));margin-inline:auto;padding-block:clamp(2rem,6vw,4rem) 1.5rem}.article-head .back{font-size:.92rem}.article-head h1{margin-top:2rem;font-size:clamp(2rem,5vw,3rem)}.article-head .subtitle{color:var(--ink-muted);margin:1rem 0 0;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5}.article-head .title-en{text-align:start;color:var(--ink-muted);font-family:var(--serif);direction:ltr;margin:1rem 0 0;font-size:1.1rem}.article-head[dir=rtl] .title-en{text-align:right}.article-meta{color:var(--ink-muted);flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.25rem 1.25rem;margin-top:1.5rem;font-size:.95rem;display:flex}.article-meta a{color:var(--ink-muted)}.article-meta a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.article-foot{width:min(100% - 2 * var(--gutter), var(--measure));border-top:1px solid var(--rule);margin-inline:auto;padding-block:2.5rem 5rem}.article-foot h2{font-family:var(--sans);margin-bottom:.6rem;font-size:1rem}.article-foot>*+*{margin-top:2.5rem}.share{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.3rem 1.25rem;display:flex}.share a,.share button{cursor:pointer;color:var(--accent);text-underline-offset:.18em;background:0 0;border:0;padding:0;text-decoration:underline}.share a:hover,.share button:hover{color:var(--accent-hover)}.founder{gap:1.5rem 3rem;display:grid}@media (min-width:40rem){.founder--photo{grid-template-columns:12rem 1fr}}.founder img{aspect-ratio:4/5;object-fit:cover;width:12rem}.founder h3{font-size:1.5rem}.founder .ar-name{color:var(--ink-muted);margin:.2rem 0 0}.founder .role{color:var(--ink-muted);margin:.4rem 0 1.25rem}.founder .contact-links{margin-top:1.5rem}.contact-links{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.3rem 1.5rem;display:flex}.dev-note{color:var(--ink-muted);border-left:2px solid var(--accent);padding-left:.9rem;font-size:.9rem}.perspective-band{background:var(--bg-subtle);padding-block:clamp(2rem,4vw,3rem)}.perspective-band h2{margin-bottom:1.1rem;font-size:1.2rem}.perspective{gap:.55rem;max-width:40rem;display:grid}.perspective>p{font-family:var(--serif);color:var(--ink-muted);margin:0;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic;line-height:1.5}.perspective>p:first-child{color:var(--ink);margin-bottom:.2rem;font-size:clamp(1.25rem,2.4vw,1.6rem);line-height:1.25}.perspective>p:last-of-type{font-style:normal;font-family:var(--sans);color:var(--ink);max-width:34rem;margin-top:.35rem;font-size:.95rem}.perspective blockquote{border-inline-start:3px solid var(--accent);margin:.7rem 0;padding:0 0 0 1rem}.perspective blockquote p{font-family:var(--serif);color:var(--accent);margin:0;font-size:clamp(1.1rem,2vw,1.4rem);font-style:normal;line-height:1.3}.perspective blockquote p+p{margin-top:.2rem}.motto{border-top:1px solid var(--ink);grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);margin:1.5rem 0 0;padding:0;list-style:none;display:grid}@media (min-width:40rem){.motto{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr)}}.motto li{font-family:var(--serif);padding:.6rem 1rem 0 0;font-size:1.1rem}
.prose{max-width:var(--measure);font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.75}.prose>*+*{margin-top:1.2em}.prose p{margin-bottom:0}.prose h2{margin-top:2.4em;font-size:1.5rem}.prose h3{margin-top:2em;font-size:1.2rem}.prose ul,.prose ol{list-style:revert;padding-inline-start:1.3em}.prose li+li{margin-top:.45em}.prose blockquote{border-inline-start:2px solid var(--accent);font-family:var(--serif);margin-inline:0;padding-inline-start:1.25rem;font-size:1.15em}.prose hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);margin-block:2.5em}.prose table{border-collapse:collapse;max-width:100%;font-size:.92rem;line-height:1.5;display:block;overflow-x:auto}.prose th,.prose td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);vertical-align:top;text-align:start;min-width:9rem;padding:.6rem .9rem .6rem 0}.prose th{border-bottom:2px solid var(--ink);font-weight:700}.prose:lang(ar){font-size:1.3rem;line-height:2.05}:lang(ar) .prose blockquote,.prose:lang(ar) blockquote{font-family:var(--arabic);font-size:1.1em}.article-body{width:min(100% - 2 * var(--gutter), var(--measure));margin-inline:auto}.wide{max-width:44rem}